With natural gas prices in Europe more than double costs in the U.S., Ineos Group AG has a novel solution: start fracking.

The world’s fourth-biggest petrochemical manufacturer bought a license last month to look for fuel around its refinery in Grangemouth, Scotland. That complements a deal by Ineos to import gas from the U.S., a step followed by other chemical companies in Europe such as Borealis AG and Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC) Scotland will vote Sept. 18 on whether to stay in the U.K.

Producers of everything from fertilizers to plastics are looking for new energy sources at a time when options are limited. Shale exploration has helped boost supply and depress prices in the U.S. In Europe, the U.K. and Poland have embraced fracking -- blasting water, sand and chemicals to harvest fuel embedded deep underground -- while most of the rest of the continent, citing environmental harm, has not. The challenge has become urgent given the European Union’s dependence on Russia for 30 percent of its supplies, much via pipelines in Ukraine.